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What Is The Cherokee Word For Gull

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Iroquoian language spoken by the Cherokee people

Cherokee
ᏣᎳᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ
Tsalagi Gawonihisdi
Cherokee sample.svg

Tsa-la-gi written in the Cherokee syllabary
Pronunciation (Oklahoma dialect) [dʒalaˈɡî ɡawónihisˈdî]
Native to North America
Region E Oklahoma; Great Smoky Mountains[1] and Qualla Purlieus in North Carolina.[2] Also in Arkansas,[3] and Cherokee community in California.
Ethnicity Cherokee

Native speakers

 1520 to ~2100 (2018 and 2019)[4] [5]

Language family

Iroquoian

  • Southern Iroquoian
    • Cherokee

Writing system

Cherokee syllabary, Latin script
Official status

Official language in

 Eastern Ring of Cherokee Indians in North Carolina
Cherokee Nation[6] [7] [8] [9]
of Oklahoma
Regulated by United Keetoowah Band Department of Language, History, & Culture[vii] [8]
Council of the Cherokee Nation
Language codes
ISO 639-2 chr
ISO 639-3 chr
Glottolog cher1273
ELP ᏣᎳᎩ (Cherokee)
Linguasphere 63-AB
Cherokee lang.png

Pre-contact distribution of the Cherokee language
Cherokee Speaking Areas Within The USA.png

Current geographic distribution of the Cherokee language
This commodity contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, yous may run across question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Assistance:IPA.

Cherokee or Tsalagi ( ᏣᎳᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ , Tsalagi Gawonihisdi [dʒalaˈɡî ɡawónihisˈdî]) is an endangered-to-moribund[a] Iroquoian language[4] and the native language of the Cherokee people.[6] [7] [8] Ethnologue states that there were 1,520 Cherokee speakers out of 376,000 Cherokee in 2018,[iv] while a tally past the three Cherokee tribes in 2019 recorded ~ii,100 speakers.[v] The number of speakers is in turn down. Nearly viii fluent speakers die each month, and simply a handful of people under the age of 40 are fluent.[11] The dialect of Cherokee in Oklahoma is "definitely endangered", and the one in North Carolina is "severely endangered" according to UNESCO.[12] The Lower dialect, formerly spoken on the Due south Carolina–Georgia border, has been extinct since well-nigh 1900.[13] The dire situation regarding the future of the ii remaining dialects prompted the Tri-Council of Cherokee tribes to declare a land of emergency in June 2019, with a phone call to heighten revitalization efforts.[5]

Around 200 speakers of the Eastern (also referred to as the Center or Kituwah) dialect remain in North Carolina and language preservation efforts include the New Kituwah Academy, a bilingual immersion school.[xiv] The largest remaining grouping of Cherokee speakers is centered around Tahlequah, Oklahoma, where the Western (Overhill or Otali) dialect predominates. The Cherokee Immersion Schoolhouse (Tsalagi Tsunadeloquasdi) in Tahlequah serves children in federally recognized tribes from pre-school up to grade 6.[xv]

Cherokee is polysynthetic,[16] the only Southern Iroquoian language,[17] and information technology uses a unique syllabary writing system.[18] Equally a polysynthetic linguistic communication, Cherokee is quite different from Indo-European languages such equally English, French, or Spanish, and can exist difficult for developed learners to learn.[6] A unmarried Cherokee word can convey ideas that would require multiple English language words to express, including the context of the assertion, connotations about the speaker, the activity, and the object of the activeness. The morphological complexity of the Cherokee language is best exhibited in verbs, which comprise approximately 75% of the linguistic communication, as opposed to just 25% of the English language.[half-dozen] Verbs must contain at minimum a pronominal prefix, a verb root, an attribute suffix, and a modal suffix.[19]

All-encompassing documentation of the linguistic communication exists, as it is the indigenous language of Due north America in which the most literature has been published.[20] Such publications include a Cherokee dictionary and grammar as well as several editions of the New Attestation and Psalms of the Bible[21] and the Cherokee Phoenix ( ᏣᎳᎩ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ , Tsalagi Tsulehisanvhi ), the commencement paper published by Native Americans in the United states of america and the starting time published in a Native American language.[22] [23]

Classification [edit]

Cherokee is an Iroquoian language, and the only Southern Iroquoian linguistic communication spoken today. Linguists believe that the Cherokee people migrated to the southeast from the Great Lakes region[ citation needed ] virtually three thousand years ago, bringing with them their language. Despite the three-k-year geographic separation, the Cherokee language today withal shows some similarities to the languages spoken effectually the Great Lakes, such as Mohawk, Onondaga, Seneca, and Tuscarora.

Some researchers (such as Thomas Whyte) accept suggested the homeland of the proto-Iroquoian language resides in Appalachia. Whyte contends, based on linguistic and molecular studies, that proto-Iroquoian speakers participated in cultural and economic exchanges along the north–southward axis of the Appalachian Mountains.[ citation needed ] The divergence of Southern Iroquoian (which Cherokee is the simply known branch of) from the Northern Iroquoian languages occurred approximately iv,000-3,000 years ago every bit Late Archaic proto-Iroquoian speaking peoples became more sedentary with the advent of horticulture, advancement of lithic technologies and the emergence of social complexity in the Eastern Woodlands. In the subsequent millennia, the Northern Iroquoian and Southern Iroquoian would be separated by diverse Algonquin and Siouan speaking peoples as linguistic, religious, social and technological practices from the Algonquin to the north and eastward and the Siouans to the w from the Ohio Valley would come to be practiced by peoples in the Chesapeake region, as well as parts of the Carolinas.

History [edit]

Cherokee Heritage Center - New Hope Church building - Bible embrace in Cherokee script (2015-05-27 14.09.44 by Wesley Fryer)

Literacy [edit]

Translation of Genesis into the Cherokee language, 1856

Before the development of the Cherokee syllabary in the 1820s, Cherokee was an oral language only. The Cherokee syllabary is a syllabary invented by Sequoyah to write the Cherokee linguistic communication in the belatedly 1810s and early on 1820s. His cosmos of the syllabary is particularly noteworthy in that he could not previously read any script. Sequoyah had some contact with English language literacy and the Roman alphabet through his proximity to Fort Loundon, where he engaged in trade with Europeans. He was exposed to English literacy through his white father. His limited agreement of the Roman alphabet, including the ability to recognize the letters of his name, may have aided him in the cosmos of the Cherokee syllabary.[24] When developing the written linguistic communication, Sequoyah outset experimented with logograms, but his system after developed into a syllabary. In his organisation, each symbol represents a syllable rather than a single phoneme; the 85 (originally 86)[25] characters in the Cherokee syllabary provide a suitable method to write Cherokee. Some typeface syllables do resemble the Latin, Greek and even the Cyrillic scripts' letters, but the sounds are completely different (for example, the sound /a/ is written with a letter that resembles Latin D).

Effectually 1809, Sequoyah began piece of work to create a system of writing for the Cherokee language.[26] At first he sought to create a character for each give-and-take in the language. He spent a year on this try, leaving his fields unplanted, and then that his friends and neighbors idea he had lost his mind.[27] [28] His wife is said to have burned his initial piece of work, assertive it to be witchcraft.[26] He finally realized that this approach was impractical because it would require too many pictures to exist remembered. He then tried making a symbol for every idea, merely this also caused too many problems to be practical.[29]

Sequoyah did not succeed until he gave up trying to represent entire words and developed a written symbol for each syllable in the language. After approximately a month, he had a system of 86 characters.[27] "In their present form, [typeface syllabary not the original handwritten Syllabary] many of the syllabary characters resemble Roman, Cyrillic or Greek letters or Arabic numerals," says Janine Scancarelli, a scholar of Cherokee writing, "merely there is no apparent human relationship between their sounds in other languages and in Cherokee."[26]

Unable to detect adults willing to learn the syllabary, he taught it to his girl, Ayokeh (also spelled Ayoka).[26] Langguth says she was only six years sometime at the time.[thirty] He traveled to the Indian Reserves in the Arkansaw Territory where some Cherokee had settled. When he tried to convince the local leaders of the syllabary'south usefulness, they doubted him, assertive that the symbols were only ad hoc reminders. Sequoyah asked each to say a discussion, which he wrote down, and then chosen his daughter in to read the words back. This demonstration convinced the leaders to allow him teach the syllabary to a few more people. This took several months, during which it was rumored that he might exist using the students for sorcery. Afterward completing the lessons, Sequoyah wrote a dictated letter of the alphabet to each educatee, and read a dictated response. This test convinced the western Cherokee that he had created a applied writing system.[28]

When Sequoyah returned due east, he brought a sealed envelope containing a written voice communication from i of the Arkansas Cherokee leaders. By reading this spoken communication, he convinced the eastern Cherokee also to learn the system, afterward which it spread rapidly.[27] [28] In 1825 the Cherokee Nation officially adopted the writing organization. From 1828 to 1834, American missionaries assisted the Cherokee in using Sequoyah'southward original syllabary to develop blazon confront Syllabary characters and print the Cherokee Phoenix, the first paper of the Cherokee Nation, with text in both Cherokee and English.[31]

In 1826, the Cherokee National Council deputed George Lowrey and David Brownish to translate and print eight copies of the laws of the Cherokee Nation in the new Cherokee linguistic communication typeface using Sequoyah's organisation, but not his original self-created handwritten syllable glyphs.[29]

Once Albert Gallatin saw a re-create of Sequoyah'south syllabary, he found the syllabary superior to the English alphabet. Even though a Cherokee pupil must acquire 86 syllables instead of 26 letters, they tin read immediately. Students could reach in a few weeks what students of English writing could learn in two years.[30]

In 1824, the Full general Council of the Eastern Cherokee awarded Sequoyah a large silver medal in honor of the syllabary. According to Davis, one side of the medal diameter his epitome surrounded by the inscription in English, "Presented to George Gist by the General Council of the Cherokee for his ingenuity in the invention of the Cherokee Alphabet." The reverse side showed two long-stemmed pipes and the same inscription written in Cherokee. Supposedly, Sequoyah wore the medal throughout the rest of his life and information technology was buried with him.[29]

By 1825, the Bible and numerous religious hymns and pamphlets, educational materials, legal documents and books were translated into the Cherokee linguistic communication. Thousands of Cherokee became syllabic and the syllabicy rate for Cherokee in the original syllabary, as well as the typefaced syllabary, was college in the Cherokee Nation than that of literacy of whites in the English alphabet in the United States.

Though apply of the Cherokee syllabary declined after many of the Cherokee were forcibly removed to Indian Territory, nowadays-day Oklahoma, it has survived in private correspondence, renderings of the Bible, and descriptions of Indian medicine[32] and at present can be found in books and on the internet amongst other places.

In Feb 2022, Motorola Mobility introduced a Cherokee language interface for its latest smartphone. Eastern Band Master Chief Richard Sneed, who along with other Cherokee leaders worked with Motorola on the development, considered this an effort to preserve the language. Features included not only symbols but likewise the culture.[33]

Geographic distribution [edit]

The language remains concentrated in some Oklahoma communities[34] and communities like Big Cove and Snowbird in North Carolina.[35]

Dialects [edit]

Video of Jerry Wolfe (1924–2018), speaking in English and the Kituwah dialect of Cherokee in 2013

At the time of European contact, there were three major dialects of Cherokee: Lower, Centre, and Overhill. The Lower dialect, formerly spoken on the S Carolina-Georgia border, has been extinct since nigh 1900.[13] Of the remaining two dialects, the Middle dialect (Kituwah) is spoken by the Eastern band on the Qualla Boundary, and retains ~200 speakers.[4] The Overhill, or Western, dialect is spoken in eastern Oklahoma and by the Snowbird Community in North Carolina[36] by ~1,300 people.[4] The Western dialect is nearly widely used and is considered the principal dialect of the language.[6] [37] Both dialects take had English language influence, with the Overhill, or Western dialect showing some Spanish influence also.[37]

The at present extinct Lower dialect spoken past the inhabitants of the Lower Towns in the vicinity of the Southward Carolina–Georgia edge had r as the liquid consonant in its inventory, while both the contemporary Kituhwa dialect spoken in North Carolina and the Overhill dialect comprise fifty. Only Oklahoma Cherokee developed tone. Both the Lower dialect and the Kituhwa dialect have a "ts" sound in place of the "tl" sound of the Overhill dialect. For instance, the word for 'it is cold (outside)' is ᎤᏴᏝ (ujʌ̃tˤɑ or [ujʌ̃tl̥á]) in the Overhill dialect, simply ᎤᏴᏣ (ujʌ̃t͡sɑ) in the Kituhwa dialect.

Language migrate [edit]

There are two principal dialects of Cherokee spoken by mod speakers. The Giduwa (or Kituwah) dialect (Eastern Band) and the Otali dialect (besides called the Overhill dialect) spoken in Oklahoma. The Otali dialect has drifted significantly from Sequoyah's syllabary in the by 150 years, and many contracted and borrowed words take been adopted into the language. These noun and verb roots in Cherokee, however, can still exist mapped to Sequoyah's syllabary. There are more than 85 syllables in use past mod Cherokee speakers. Modern Cherokee speakers who speak Otali use 122 singled-out syllables in Oklahoma.[ citation needed ]

Status and preservation efforts [edit]

In 2019, the Tri-Council of Cherokee tribes alleged a state of emergency for the language due to the threat of it going extinct, calling for the enhancement of revitalization programs.[v] The language retains about 1,500[11] to 2,100[v] Cherokee speakers, but an average of eight fluent speakers die each month, and only a handful of people under twoscore years of age are fluent as of 2019.[eleven] In 1986, the literacy charge per unit for first language speakers was xv–20% who could read and five% who could write, according to the 1986 Cherokee Heritage Center.[21] A 2005 survey determined that the Eastern band had 460 fluent speakers. 10 years later, the number was believed to be 200.[38]

Tsali Boulevard in Cherokee, North Carolina

Cherokee is "definitely endangered" in Oklahoma and "severely endangered" in North Carolina co-ordinate to UNESCO.[12] Cherokee has been the co-official linguistic communication of the Cherokee Nation alongside English since a 1991 legislation officially proclaimed this under the Deed Relating to the Tribal Policy for the Promotion and Preservation of Cherokee Linguistic communication, History, and Culture.[39] Cherokee is as well recognized every bit the official language of the United Keetoowah Ring of Cherokee Indians. As Cherokee is official, the entire constitution of the United Keetoowah Ring is available in both English and Cherokee. As an official language, whatsoever tribal member may communicate with the tribal government in Cherokee or English, English language translation services are provided for Cherokee speakers, and both Cherokee and English are used when the tribe provides services, resources, and information to tribal members or when communicating with the tribal council.[39] The 1991 legislation allows the political branch of the nation to maintain Cherokee every bit a living language.[39] Considering they are inside the Cherokee Nation tribal jurisdiction area, hospitals and health centers such as the Three Rivers Wellness Center in Muscogee, Oklahoma provide Cherokee language translation services.[40]

Teaching [edit]

In 2008 The Cherokee Nation instigated a ten-year linguistic communication preservation plan that involved growing new fluent speakers of the Cherokee linguistic communication from childhood on up through school immersion programs, as well as a collaborative community try to continue to use the linguistic communication at home.[41] This programme was part of an ambitious goal that in 50 years, fourscore percent or more of the Cherokee people will be fluent in the language.[42] The Cherokee Preservation Foundation has invested $4.5 meg into opening schools, training teachers, and developing curricula for language education, likewise as initiating customs gatherings where the linguistic communication can be actively used. They have achieved: "Curriculum evolution, didactics materials and instructor grooming for a total immersion program for children, beginning when they are preschoolers, that enables them to acquire Cherokee equally their first language. The participating children and their parents larn to speak and read together. The Tribe operates the Kituwah Academy".[42] Formed in 2006, the Kituwah Preservation & Education Program (KPEP) on the Qualla Boundary focuses on linguistic communication immersion programs for children from nascency to fifth grade, developing cultural resources for the general public and community language programs to foster the Cherokee language amongst adults.[43]

At that place is likewise a Cherokee linguistic communication immersion school in Tahlequah, Oklahoma that educates students from pre-school through eighth form.[44] A second campus was added in November 2021, when the schoolhouse purchased Greasy Schoolhouse in Greasy, Oklahoma, located in southern Adair County ten miles south of Stilwell.[45] Situated in largest expanse of Cherokee speakers in the world, the opportunity for that campus is for students to spend the day in an immersion school then render to a Cherokee-speaking home.[45]

Several universities offering Cherokee as a second language, including the University of Oklahoma, Northeastern State Academy, and Western Carolina University. Western Carolina University (WCU) has partnered with the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians (EBCI) to promote and restore the linguistic communication through the schoolhouse's Cherokee Studies plan, which offers classes in and about the language and culture of the Cherokee Indians.[46] WCU and the EBCI have initiated a x-twelvemonth language revitalization plan consisting of: (1) a continuation of the improvement and expansion of the EBCI Atse Kituwah Cherokee Language Immersion School, (2) continued development of Cherokee language learning resources, and (3) edifice of Western Carolina University programs to offering a more comprehensive language preparation curriculum.[46]

Phonology [edit]

Recording of a native Cherokee speaker from the Eastern Ring

Recording of a Cherokee linguistic communication stomp dance anniversary in Oklahoma

The family of Iroquoian languages has a unique phonological inventory. Unlike most languages, the Cherokee inventory of consonants lacks the labial sounds p, b, f, and v. Cherokee does, yet, take one labial consonant yard, but information technology is rare, actualization in no more than than ten native words.[47] In fact, the Lower dialect does non produce chiliad at all. Instead, it uses w.

In the case of p, qw is frequently substituted, as in the name of the Cherokee Wikipedia, Wigiqwediya. Some words may comprise sounds not reflected in the given phonology: for case, the mod Oklahoma use of the loanword "auto", with the /ɔ/ and /b/ sounds of English.

Consonants [edit]

As with many Iroquoian languages, Cherokee'due south phonemic inventory is small. The consonants for North Carolina Cherokee are given in the table below. The consonants of all Iroquoian languages pattern so that they may exist grouped every bit (oral) obstruents, sibilants, laryngeals, and resonants (Lounsbury 1978:337).

North Carolina Cherokee consonants
Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
manifestly lateral manifestly labial
Stop t yard kʷ ʔ
Affricate t͡s t͡ɬ
Fricative s h
Nasal m n
Approximant 50 j ɰ

Notes:

  • The stops /t, k, kʷ/ and affricates /t͡s, t͡ɬ/ are voiced in the beginning of syllables and between vowels: [d, g, gʷ, d͡z, d͡ɮ]. Before /h/, they surface equally aspirated stops: [tʰ, kʰ, kʷʰ, t͡sʰ], except /t͡ɬ/ which surfaces every bit a plain voiceless affricate [t͡ɬ] or fricative [ɬ] in some Oklahoma Cherokee speakers.[48] [49] These aspirated allophones are felt every bit separate phonemes past native speakers and are ofttimes reflected every bit such in the orthographies (in romanization or syllabary).
  • /t͡s/ is palatalized as [t͡ɕ ⁓ t͡ʃ] (voiced allophones: [d͡ʑ ⁓ d͡ʒ]) in the Oklahoma dialects,[l] simply [t͡s] before /h/ + obstruent subsequently vowel deletion:[51] jⱥ-hdlv́vga > tsdlv́vga "you are sick".[52]
  • /t͡ɬ/ has merged with /t͡s/ in most Due north Carolina dialects.[48]
  • [one thousand] (the voiced allophone of /k/) tin can also be lenified to [ɣ], and [gʷ] (the voiced allophone of /kʷ/) to [ɣʷ ⁓ westward].[53] [54]
  • The sonorants /n, l, j, due west/ are devoiced when preceding or following /h/, with varying degrees of allophony: [n̥, l̥⁓ɬ, j̥⁓ç, w̥⁓ʍ⁓ɸ].[55]
  • /yard/ is the only true labial. Information technology occurs simply in a dozen native words[56] and is not reconstructed for Proto-Iroquoian.[57]
  • /s/ is realized as [ʃ] or even [ʂ] in North Carolina dialects. Subsequently a curt vowel, /due south/ is e'er preceded by a faint /h/, more often than not not spelled in the romanized orthographies.[55] [58] [59]
  • /ʔ/ and /h/, including the pre-aspiration /h/ mentioned above, participate in complex rules of laryngeal and tonal alternations, often surfacing every bit diverse tones instead. Ex: h-vhd-a > hvhda "use it!" but g-vhd-íha > 1000vv̀díha "I am using information technology" with a lowfall tone;[60] wi-hullo-gaht-i > hwikti "you're heading in that location" but wi-ji-gaht-i > wijigáati "I am heading there" with a falling tone.

Orthography [edit]

There are two main competing orthographies, depending on how evidently and aspirated stops (including affricates) are represented:[61] [62] [63]

  • In the "d/t system" orthography, evidently stops are represented past English voiced stops (d, yard, gw, j, dl) and aspirated stops by English language voiceless stops (t, m, kw, c, tl). This orthography is favored by native speakers.
  • In the "t/th system" orthography, plain stops are represented by voiceless stops instead, and aspirated stops by sequences of voiceless stops + h (th, kh, khw/kwh, ch, thl/tlh). This orthography is favored by linguists.

Another orthography, used in Holmes (1977), doesn't distinguish plain stops from aspirated stops for /t͡sa/ and /kw/ and uses ts and qu for both modes.[64] Spellings working from the syllabary rather than from the sounds often acquit similarly, /t͡s/ and /kʷ/ beingness the only ii stop series non having separate letters for plain and aspirated before whatsoever vowel in Sequoyah script. Ex: ᏌᏊ saquu [saàgʷu], ᏆᎾ quana [kʷʰana].

Vowels [edit]

At that place are six short vowels and six long vowels in the Cherokee inventory.[65] As with all Iroquoian languages, this includes a nasalized vowel (Lounsbury 1978:337). In the instance of Cherokee, the nasalized vowel is a mid central vowel usually represented equally five and is pronounced [ə̃], that is every bit a schwa vowel like the unstressed "a" in the English give-and-take "comma" plus the nasalization. Information technology is similar to the nasalized vowel in the French word un which means "ane".

Front Central Dorsum
Close i iː u uː
Mid e eː ə̃ ə̃ː o oː
Open a aː

/u/ is weakly rounded and oft realized as [ɯ ⁓ ʉ].

Discussion-final vowels are short and nasalized, and receive an automatic loftier or high-falling tone: wado [wadṍ] 'give thanks you'.[66] They are often dropped in casual oral communication: gaáda [gaátʰ] 'clay'.[67] When deletion happens, trailing /ʔ/ and /h/ are likewise deleted and any resulting long vowel is further shortened:[68] uùgoohvv́ʔi > uùgoohv́ 'he saw it'.

Brusque vowels are devoiced before /h/: digadóhdi [digadó̥hdĩ́].[66] Simply due to the phonological rules of vowel deletion, laryngeal metathesis and laryngeal alternation (see below), this environment is relatively rare.

Sequences of 2 non-identical vowels are disallowed and the vowel disharmonism must be resolved. There are 4 strategies depending on the phonological and morphological environments:[69]

  1. the offset vowel is kept: uù-aduulíha > uùduulíha 'he wants',
  2. the second vowel is kept: how-do-you-do-ééga > hééga 'you're going',
  3. an epenthetic consonant is inserted: jii-uudalééʔa > jiiyuudalééʔa,
  4. they merge in a unlike vowel or tone quality.

These brand the identification of each individual morpheme often a difficult task:

dúudaanv́vneelvv́ʔi

dee- ii- uu- adaa(d)- nv́vneel -vv́ʔi

DIST- ITER- 3B- REFL- give:PFV -EXP

"he gave them right back to him"

déenasuúléésgo

dee- iinii- asuúléésg -o

DIST- 1A.DU- wash.easily:IPFV -HAB

"you and I always launder our hands"

Tone [edit]

Cherokee distinguishes vi pitch patterns or tones, using four pitch levels. 2 tones are level (low, high) and appear on short or long vowels. The other 4 are contour tones (rising, falling, lowfall, highrise) and announced on long vowels but.[70]

There is no academic consensus on the notation of tone and length. Beneath are the main conventions, forth with the standardized IPA note.

Vowel length Tone IPA Pulte & Feeling
(1975) 		Scancarelli
(1986) 		Montgomery-
Anderson
(2008,2015) 		Feeling (2003),
Uchihara (2016)
Curt Low ˨ ạ² à a a
High ˧ ạ³ á á á
Long Low ˨ a² à: aa aa
High ˧ a³ á: áa áá
Rising ˨˧ a²³ ǎ: aá aá
Falling ˧˨ a³² â: áà áà
Lowfall ˨˩ a¹ (= a²¹) ȁ: aà àà, àa
Superhigh ˧˦ a⁴ (= a³⁴) a̋: áá aa̋
  • The low tone is the default, unmarked tone.
  • The high tone is the marked tone. Some sources of high tone apply to the mora, others to the syllable. Complex morphophonological rules govern whether it tin can spread one mora to the left, to the right or at all. It has both lexical and morphological functions.
  • The rising and falling tones are secondary tones, i.eastward. combinations of low and loftier tones, deriving from moraic high tones and from high tone spread.
  • The lowfall tone mainly derives from glottal stop deletion after a long vowel, only also has important morphological functions (pronominal lowering, tonic/atonic alternation, laryngeal alternation).
  • The superhigh tone, also called "highfall" by Montgomery-Anderson, has a distinctive morphosyntactical part, primarily appearing on adjectives, nouns derived from verbs, and on subordinate verbs. Information technology is mobile and falls on the rightmost long vowel. If the final brusque vowel is dropped and the superhigh tone becomes in word-final position, it is shortened and pronounced like a slightly higher last tone (notated as a̋ in most orthographies). There can only exist 1 superhigh tone per word, constraint non shared by the other tones. For these reasons, this profile exhibits some accentual properties and has been referred to equally an "accent" (or stress) in the literature.[71]


While the tonal arrangement is undergoing a gradual simplification in many areas, information technology remains important in meaning and is still held strongly by many, specially older, speakers. The syllabary displays neither tone nor vowel length, but equally stated earlier regarding the paucity of minimal pairs, existent cases of ambiguity are rare. The same goes for transliterated Cherokee (osiyo for [oosíyo], dohitsu for [tʰoòhiı̋ju] etc.), which is rarely written with any tone markers, except in dictionaries. Native speakers can tell the difference between written words based solely on context.

Phonological and morphophonological processes [edit]

Vowel deletion [edit]

Laryngeal alternation [edit]

H-metathesis [edit]

Pronominal lowering [edit]

Tonicity [edit]

Grammar [edit]

Cherokee, like many Native American languages, is polysynthetic, meaning that many morphemes may be linked together to course a single discussion, which may exist of nifty length. Cherokee verbs, the well-nigh important discussion blazon, must incorporate as a minimum a pronominal prefix, a verb root, an attribute suffix, and a modal suffix.[19] For example, the verb course ge:ga, 'I am going,' has each of these elements:

Verb form ᎨᎦ ge:ga
Ꭸ Ꭶ
g- east: -thousand -a
PRONOMINAL PREFIX VERB ROOT 'to go' ASPECT SUFFIX MODAL SUFFIX

The pronominal prefix is m-, which indicates kickoff person singular. The verb root is -e, 'to get.' The aspect suffix that this verb employs for the nowadays-tense stem is -m-. The present-tense modal suffix for regular verbs in Cherokee is -a.

Cherokee has 17 verb tenses and 10 persons.[38]

The following is a conjugation in the present tense of the verb to go.[72] Please note that there is no stardom between dual and plural in the 3rd person.

Total conjugation of Progressive Root Verb -eastward- 'going'
Person Singular Dual Plural
1st exclusive

ᎨᎦ

gega

ᎨᎦ

gega

I'k going

ᎣᏍᏕᎦ

osdega

ᎣᏍᏕᎦ

osdega

We ii (not you) are going

ᎣᏤᎦ

otsega

ᎣᏤᎦ

otsega

We're (not y'all) all going
inclusive

ᎢᏁᎦ

inega

ᎢᏁᎦ

inega

You & I are going

ᎢᏕᎦ

idega

ᎢᏕᎦ

idega

We're (& you) all going
2nd

ᎮᎦ

hega

ᎮᎦ

hega

Yous're going

ᏍᏕᎦ

sdega

ᏍᏕᎦ

sdega

You two are going

ᎢᏤᎦ

itsega

ᎢᏤᎦ

itsega

You're all going
3rd

ᎡᎦ

ega

ᎡᎦ

ega

She/he/it's going

ᎠᏁᎦ

anega

ᎠᏁᎦ

anega

They are going

The translation uses the nowadays progressive ('at this time I am going'). Cherokee differentiates between progressive ('I am going') and habitual ('I go') more than English language does.

Total conjugation of Habitual Root Verb -e- 'ofttimes/usually go'
Person Singular Dual Plural
1st exclusive

ᎨᎪᎢ

gegoi

ᎨᎪᎢ

gegoi

I frequently/usually go

ᎣᏍᏕᎪᎢ

osdegoi

ᎣᏍᏕᎪᎢ

osdegoi

Nosotros two (not you) often/usually go

ᎣᏤᎪᎢ

otsegoi

ᎣᏤᎪᎢ

otsegoi

We (not you) ofttimes/normally get
inclusive

ᎢᏁᎪᎢ

inegoi

ᎢᏁᎪᎢ

inegoi

You & I often/unremarkably go

ᎢᏕᎪᎢ

idegoi

ᎢᏕᎪᎢ

idegoi

We (& yous) oftentimes/usually get
2d

ᎮᎪᎢ

hegoi

ᎮᎪᎢ

hegoi

You often/unremarkably go

ᏍᏕᎪᎢ

sdegoi

ᏍᏕᎪᎢ

sdegoi

You 2 often/usually become

ᎢᏤᎪᎢ

itsegoi

ᎢᏤᎪᎢ

itsegoi

You frequently/usually go
3rd

ᎡᎪᎢ

egoi

ᎡᎪᎢ

egoi

She/he/information technology often/usually goes

ᎠᏁᎪᎢ

anegoi

ᎠᏁᎪᎢ

anegoi

They ofttimes/usually go

The forms ᎨᎪᎢ , ᎮᎪᎢ , ᎡᎪᎢ gegoi , hegoi , egoi stand for 'I frequently/usually become', 'you oftentimes/unremarkably go', and 'she/he/it often/unremarkably goes', respectively.[72]

Verbs can besides have prepronominal prefixes, reflexive prefixes, and derivative suffixes. Given all possible combinations of affixes, each regular verb can take 21,262 inflected forms.

Cherokee does non make gender distinctions. For case, ᎦᏬᏂᎭ gawoniha tin can hateful either 'she is speaking' or 'he is speaking.'[73]

Pronouns and pronominal prefixes [edit]

Like many Native American languages, Cherokee has many pronominal prefixes that can alphabetize both subject and object. Pronominal prefixes ever appear on verbs and can as well appear on adjectives and nouns.[74] There are two separate words which function every bit pronouns: aya 'I, me' and nihi 'you'.

Table of Cherokee pronominal prefixes earlier a CONSONANT, VOWEL
Number 1st P. set I set up Two second P. set I set II 3rd P. gear up I set Two
Singular ji-, one thousand- agi-, agw- hi-, h- ja-, j- ga/a-, Ten- u-, Ten-
Dual inclusive ini-, in- gini-, gin- sdi-, sd- desdi-, desd- X X
Dual exclusive osdi-, osd- ogini-, ogin- X X X Ten
Plural inclusive idi-, id- igi-, ig- iji-, ij- deji-, dej- X 10
Plural exclusive oji-, oj- ogi-, og- 10 X ani-, an- uni, un-

Compound pronouns [edit]

The number of Cherokee pronouns marks non only the agent of a verb, just often the object as well. This is the case, if the depending object was already mentioned and would be substituted by a separate pronoun in English as well. In contrary to English language, animacy is marked, but gender is not.


(These suffixes have to be treated in a CV syllabary construction.) Set I and Ii bring together here except if written A | B.

Subject (column)

Object (row ->)

1 s two s 3 s an three s in i d inc 1 d exc 2 d 1 p inc ane p exc 2 p iii p an 3 p in
1 singular X gv(y)- ji(y)- thousand(e)- X 10 sdv(y)- X X ijv(y)- gaji(y)- deg(a)-
2 singular sg(w)(i)- X hello(y)- h(i)- X sgini(y)- 10 Ten isgi(y)- Ten gahi(y)- deh(i)-
three singular (breathing) agw(a)- j(i)- g(i)- yard(i)- gin(i)- ogin(i)- sd(i)- ig(i)- og(i)- ij(i)- deg(i)- deg(i)-
1 dual inclusive Ten X en(i)- in(i)- X X 10 X X X gen(i)- den(i)-
i dual exclusive X sdv(y)- osd(i)- osd(i)- X 10 sdv(y)- X X ijv(y)- gosd(i)- dosd(i)-
2 dual sgin(i)- X esd(i) sd(i)- X sgin(i)- X X isgi(y)- X gesd(i)- desd(i)-
1 plural inclusive X Ten ed(i)- id(i)- X X X X X X ged(i)- ded(i)-
1 plural exclusive Ten ijv(y)- oj(i)- oj(i)- X 10 ijv(y)- X 10 ijv(y)- goj(i)- doj(i)-
two plural isgi(y)- X ej(i)- ij(i)- X isgi(y)- X 10 isgi(y)- Ten gej(i)- dej(i)-
iii plural (animate) gvg(w)(i)- gej(i)- an(i)- | united nations(i)- an(i)- | un(i)- gegin(i)- gogin(i)- gesd(i)- geg(i)- gog(i)- gej(i)- gan(i)- | gun(i)- dan(i)- | dun(i)-

Some prefixes are the same, even though they mean their opposite. Agreement is ensured by regular stem changes within the verb.

Shape classifiers in verbs [edit]

Some Cherokee verbs require special classifiers which denote a concrete property of the directly object. Only around xx common verbs crave one of these classifiers (such every bit the equivalents of 'option up', 'put down', 'remove', 'wash', 'hide', 'eat', 'drag', 'have', 'hold', 'put in water', 'put in burn down', 'hang upward', 'exist placed', 'pull along'). The classifiers can be grouped into five categories:

  • Live
  • Flexible (about common)
  • Long (narrow, non flexible)
  • Indefinite (solid, heavy relative to size), as well used as default category[75]
  • Liquid (or container of)

Instance:

Conjugation of 'Hand him...'
Classifier Type Cherokee Transliteration Translation
Alive ᎯᎧᏏ hikasi Hand him (something living)
Flexible ᎯᏅᏏ hinvsi Hand him (something like clothes, rope)
Long, Indefinite ᎯᏗᏏ hidisi Hand him (something like a broom, pencil)
Indefinite ᎯᎥᏏ hivsi Hand him (something like nutrient, book)
Liquid ᎯᏁᎥᏏ hinevsi Hand him (something like water)

There take been reports that the youngest speakers of Cherokee are using simply the indefinite forms, suggesting a refuse in usage or total acquisition of the system of shape classification.[76] Cherokee is the but Iroquoian linguistic communication with this type of classificatory verb system, leading linguists to reanalyze it as a potential remnant of a substantive incorporation system in Proto-Iroquoian.[77] However, given the non-productive nature of substantive incorporation in Cherokee, other linguists take suggested that classificatory verbs are the product of historical contact betwixt Cherokee and not-Iroquoian languages, and instead that the substantive incorporation arrangement in Northern Iroquoian languages developed later.[78]

Word lodge [edit]

Simple declarative sentences commonly accept a subject-object-verb or an object-verb-subject area word order. [79] Negative sentences have a different word order. Adjectives come earlier nouns, every bit in English language. Demonstratives, such every bit ᎾᏍᎩ nasgi ('that') or ᎯᎠ hia ('this'), come at the kickoff of noun phrases. Relative clauses follow substantive phrases.[80] Adverbs precede the verbs that they are modifying. For example, 'she's speaking loudly' is ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎦᏬᏂᎭ asdaya gawoniha (literally, 'loud she's-speaking').[eighty]

A Cherokee sentence may non have a verb equally when two substantive phrases class a sentence. In such a case, word society is flexible. For instance, Ꮎ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎩᏙᏓ na asgaya agidoda ('that man is my father'). A noun phrase might be followed by an adjective, such as in ᎠᎩᏙᏓ ᎤᏔᎾ agidoda utana ('my father is large').[81]

Orthography [edit]

Sequoyah, inventor of the Cherokee syllabary

Cherokee is written in an 85-graphic symbol syllabary invented past Sequoyah (also known as Invitee or George Gist). Many of the letters resemble the Latin letters they derive from, only have completely unrelated audio values; Sequoyah had seen English, Hebrew, and Greek writing but did not know how to read them.[82]

Two other scripts used to write Cherokee are a elementary Latin transliteration and a more precise organisation with Diacritical marks.[83]

Description [edit]

Each of the characters represents one syllable, equally in the Japanese kana and the Statuary Age Greek Linear B writing systems. The showtime six characters represent isolated vowel syllables. Characters for combined consonant and vowel syllables and then follow. It is recited from left to right, top to bottom.[84] [ folio needed ]

The charts below bear witness the syllabary equally arranged by Samuel Worcester along with his commonly used transliterations. He played a key role in the development of Cherokee press from 1828 until his decease in 1859.

Cherokee Syllabary.svg

Notes:

  1. In the chart, 'v' represents a nasal vowel, /ə̃/.
  2. The character Ꮩ practice is shown upside-down in some fonts.[b]

The transliteration working from the syllabary uses conventional consonants like qu, ts,..., and may differ from the ones used in the phonological orthographies (first column in the below chart, in the "d/t system").

Ø Ꭰ a Ꭱ e Ꭲ i Ꭳ o Ꭴ u Ꭵ 5
yard / yard Ꭶ ga Ꭷ ka Ꭸ ge Ꭹ gi Ꭺ go Ꭻ gu Ꭼ gv
h Ꭽ ha Ꭾ he Ꭿ hi Ꮀ ho Ꮁ hu Ꮂ hv
l / hl Ꮃ la Ꮄ le Ꮅ li Ꮆ lo Ꮇ lu Ꮈ lv
yard Ꮉ ma Ꮊ me Ꮋ mi Ꮌ mo Ꮍ mu
n / hn Ꮎ na Ꮏ hna Ꮐ nah Ꮑ ne Ꮒ ni Ꮓ no Ꮔ nu Ꮕ nv
gw / kw Ꮖ qua Ꮗ que Ꮘ qui Ꮙ quo Ꮚ quu Ꮛ quv
s Ꮝ s Ꮜ sa Ꮞ se Ꮟ si Ꮠ then Ꮡ su Ꮢ sv
d / t Ꮣ da Ꮤ ta Ꮥ de Ꮦ te Ꮧ di Ꮨ ti Ꮩ exercise Ꮪ du Ꮫ dv
dl / tl (hl) Ꮬ dla Ꮭ tla Ꮮ tle Ꮯ tli Ꮰ tlo Ꮱ tlu Ꮲ tlv
j / c
(dz / ts) 		Ꮳ tsa Ꮴ tse Ꮵ tsi Ꮶ tso Ꮷ tsu Ꮸ tsv
w / hw Ꮹ wa Ꮺ nosotros Ꮻ wi Ꮼ wo Ꮽ wu Ꮾ wv
y / hy Ꮿ ya Ᏸ ye Ᏹ yi Ᏺ yo Ᏻ yu Ᏼ yv

The phonetic values of these characters do non equate straight to those represented by the letters of the Latin script. Some characters represent ii distinct phonetic values (actually heard equally different syllables), while others often represent different forms of the aforementioned syllable.[84] [ folio needed ] Not all phonemic distinctions of the spoken language are represented:

  • Aspirated consonants are more often than not not distinguished from their apparently counterpart. For example, while /d/ + vowel syllables are mostly differentiated from /t/ + vowel by use of different glyphs, syllables commencement with /ɡw/ are all conflated with those beginning with /kw/.
  • Long vowels are not distinguished from short vowels. Even so, in more than contempo technical literature, length of vowels tin actually be indicated using a colon, and other disambiguation methods for consonants (somewhat like the Japanese dakuten) accept been suggested.
  • Tones are not marked.
  • Syllables catastrophe in vowels, h, or glottal cease are undifferentiated. For example, the single symbol Ꮡ is used to correspond both suú as in suúdáli, pregnant 'half-dozen' (ᏑᏓᎵ), and súh every bit in súhdi, significant 'fishhook' (ᏑᏗ).
  • There is no regular dominion for representing consonant clusters. When consonants other than s, h, or glottal stop arise in clusters with other consonants, a vowel must exist inserted, chosen either arbitrarily or for etymological reasons (reflecting an underlying etymological vowel, see vowel deletion for instance). For example, ᏧᎾᏍᏗ (tsu-na-s-di) represents the word juunsdi̋, pregnant 'small (pl.), babies'. The consonant cluster ns is broken down past insertion of the vowel a, and is spelled as ᎾᏍ /nas/. The vowel is etymological as juunsdi̋ is composed of the morphemes di-uunii-asdii̋ʔi (DIST-3B.pl-small-scale), where a is part of the root. The vowel is included in the transliteration, but is not pronounced.

Every bit with some other underspecified writing systems (similar Standard arabic), adult speakers can distinguish words past context.

Transliteration issues [edit]

Transliteration software that operates without access to or reference to context greater than a single character can have difficulties with some Cherokee words. For case, words that contain adjacent pairs of single letter symbols, that (without special provisions) would be combined when doing the back conversion from Latin script to Cherokee. Here are a few examples:

Ꭲ Ꮳ Ꮅ Ꮝ Ꭰ Ꮑ Ꮧ

i- tsa- li- s- a- ne- di

itsalisanedi

Ꭴ Ꮅ Ꭹ Ᏻ Ꮝ Ꭰ Ꮕ Ꮑ

u- li- gi- yu- s- a- nv- ne

uligiyusanvne

Ꭴ Ꮒ Ᏸ Ꮝ Ꭲ Ᏹ

u- ni- ye- s- i- yi

uniyesiyi

Ꮎ Ꮝ Ꭲ Ꮿ

na- south- i- ya

nasiya

For these examples, the dorsum conversion is likely to bring together s-a as sa or south-i as si. Transliterations sometimes insert an apostrophe to forbid this, producing itsalis'anedi (cf. Man'yoshu).

Other Cherokee words comprise character pairs that entail overlapping transliteration sequences. Examples:

  • ᏀᎾ transliterates as nahna, nonetheless so does ᎾᎿ. The quondam is nah-na, the latter is na-hna.

If the Latin script is parsed from left to right, longest friction match offset, and then without special provisions, the dorsum conversion would be incorrect for the latter. There are several similar examples involving these grapheme combinations: naha nahe nahi naho nahu nahv.

A further problem encountered in transliterating Cherokee is that there are some pairs of unlike Cherokee words that transliterate to the same give-and-take in the Latin script. Here are some examples:

  • ᎠᏍᎡᏃ and ᎠᏎᏃ both transliterate to aseno
  • ᎨᏍᎥᎢ and ᎨᏒᎢ both transliterate to gesvi

Without special provision, a circular trip conversion changes ᎠᏍᎡᏃ to ᎠᏎᏃ and changes ᎨᏍᎥᎢ to ᎨᏒᎢ.[c]

Unicode [edit]

Cherokee was added to the Unicode Standard in September, 1999 with the release of version 3.0.

Blocks [edit]

The main Unicode cake for Cherokee is U+13A0–U+13FF.[d] Information technology contains the script's upper-case syllables every bit well as vi lower-example syllables.

Cherokee [1] [two]
Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 vii 8 9 A B C D E F
U+13Ax Ꭰ Ꭱ Ꭲ Ꭳ Ꭴ Ꭵ Ꭶ Ꭷ Ꭸ Ꭹ Ꭺ Ꭻ Ꭼ Ꭽ Ꭾ Ꭿ
U+13Bx Ꮀ Ꮁ Ꮂ Ꮃ Ꮄ Ꮅ Ꮆ Ꮇ Ꮈ Ꮉ Ꮊ Ꮋ Ꮌ Ꮍ Ꮎ Ꮏ
U+13Cx Ꮐ Ꮑ Ꮒ Ꮓ Ꮔ Ꮕ Ꮖ Ꮗ Ꮘ Ꮙ Ꮚ Ꮛ Ꮜ Ꮝ Ꮞ Ꮟ
U+13Dx Ꮠ Ꮡ Ꮢ Ꮣ Ꮤ Ꮥ Ꮦ Ꮧ Ꮨ Ꮩ Ꮪ Ꮫ Ꮬ Ꮭ Ꮮ Ꮯ
U+13Ex Ꮰ Ꮱ Ꮲ Ꮳ Ꮴ Ꮵ Ꮶ Ꮷ Ꮸ Ꮹ Ꮺ Ꮻ Ꮼ Ꮽ Ꮾ Ꮿ
U+13Fx Ᏸ Ᏹ Ᏺ Ᏻ Ᏼ Ᏽ ᏸ ᏹ ᏺ ᏻ ᏼ ᏽ
Notes
1. ^ As of Unicode version xiv.0
2. ^ Gray areas indicate not-assigned code points

The remainder of the lower-case syllables are encoded at U+AB70–ABBF.

Cherokee Supplement [i]
Official Unicode Consortium lawmaking chart (PDF)
0 ane 2 3 four v 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
U+AB7x ꭰ ꭱ ꭲ ꭳ ꭴ ꭵ ꭶ ꭷ ꭸ ꭹ ꭺ ꭻ ꭼ ꭽ ꭾ ꭿ
U+AB8x ꮀ ꮁ ꮂ ꮃ ꮄ ꮅ ꮆ ꮇ ꮈ ꮉ ꮊ ꮋ ꮌ ꮍ ꮎ ꮏ
U+AB9x ꮐ ꮑ ꮒ ꮓ ꮔ ꮕ ꮖ ꮗ ꮘ ꮙ ꮚ ꮛ ꮜ ꮝ ꮞ ꮟ
U+ABAx ꮠ ꮡ ꮢ ꮣ ꮤ ꮥ ꮦ ꮧ ꮨ ꮩ ꮪ ꮫ ꮬ ꮭ ꮮ ꮯ
U+ABBx ꮰ ꮱ ꮲ ꮳ ꮴ ꮵ ꮶ ꮷ ꮸ ꮹ ꮺ ꮻ ꮼ ꮽ ꮾ ꮿ
Notes
1. ^ As of Unicode version 14.0

Fonts and digital platform support [edit]

A single Cherokee Unicode font, Plantagenet Cherokee, is supplied with macOS, version 10.3 (Panther) and subsequently. Windows Vista also includes a Cherokee font. Several costless Cherokee fonts are bachelor including Digohweli, Donisiladv, and Noto Sans Cherokee. Some pan-Unicode fonts, such as Code2000, Everson Mono, and GNU FreeFont, include Cherokee characters. A commercial font, Phoreus Cherokee, published by TypeCulture, includes multiple weights and styles.[86] The Cherokee Nation Language Engineering Program supports "innovative solutions for the Cherokee language on all digital platforms including smartphones, laptops, desktops, tablets and social networks."[87]

Vocabulary [edit]

Cherokee stop sign, Tahlequah, Oklahoma, with "alehwisdiha" (too spelled "halehwisda") pregnant "stop"

Cherokee traffic sign in Tahlequah, Oklahoma, reading "tla adi yigi", meaning "no parking" from "tla" meaning "no"

Numbers [edit]

Cherokee uses Arabic numerals (0–9). The Cherokee council voted not to prefer Sequoyah'south numbering system.[88] Sequoyah created individual symbols for one–20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, and 100 every bit well as a symbol for iii zeros for numbers in the thousands, and a symbol for six zeros for numbers in the millions. These last 2 symbols, representing ",000" and ",000,000", are made upward of ii split symbols each. They have a symbol in common, which could be used every bit a zilch in itself.

English Cherokee[89] Transliteration
ane ᏌᏊ saquu
ii ᏔᎵ tali
3 ᏦᎢ tsoi
iv ᏅᎩ nvgi
five ᎯᏍᎩ hisgi
vi ᏑᏓᎵ sudali
vii ᎦᎵᏉᎩ galiquogi
eight ᏧᏁᎳ tsunela
nine ᏐᏁᎳ sonela
ten ᏍᎪᎯ sgohi
eleven ᏌᏚ sadu
twelve ᏔᎵᏚ talidu
thirteen ᏦᎦᏚ tsogadu
14 ᏂᎦᏚ nigadu
xv ᎯᏍᎦᏚ hisgadu
sixteen ᏓᎳᏚ daladu
seventeen ᎦᎵᏆᏚ galiquadu
xviii ᏁᎳᏚ neladu
19 ᏐᏁᎳᏚ soneladu
twenty ᏔᎵᏍᎪᎯ talisgohi

Days [edit]

English Cherokee[89] [90] Transliteration
Days of the Week ᎯᎸᏍᎩᎢᎦ hilvsgiiga
Sunday ᎤᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᎬ unadodaquasgv
Mon ᎤᎾᏙᏓᏉᏅᎯ unadodaquohnvhi
Tuesday ᏔᎵᏁᎢᎦ talineiga
Wednesday ᏦᎢᏁᎢᎦ tsoineiga
Thursday ᏅᎩᏁᎢᎦ nvgineiga
Friday ᏧᎾᎩᎶᏍᏗ junagilosdi
Saturday ᎤᎾᏙᏓᏈᏕᎾ unadodaquidena

Months [edit]

English Significant Cherokee Transliteration
Jan Month of the Common cold Moon ᏚᏃᎸᏔᏂ dunolvtani
February Month of the Bony Moon ᎧᎦᎵ kagali
March Month of the Windy Moon ᎠᏄᏱ anuyi
Apr Month of the Flower Moon ᎧᏩᏂ kawani
May Month of the Planting Moon ᎠᎾᎠᎬᏘ anaagvti
June Month of the Greenish Corn Moon ᏕᎭᎷᏱ dehaluyi
July Month of the Ripe Corn Moon ᎫᏰᏉᏂ guyequoni
August Month of the End of Fruit Moon ᎦᎶᏂᎢ galonii
September Month of the Nut Moon ᏚᎵᎢᏍᏗ duliisdi
October Calendar month of the Harvest Moon ᏚᏂᏅᏗ duninvdi
November Calendar month of Trading Moon ᏄᏓᏕᏆ nudadequa
December Month of the Snowfall Moon ᎥᏍᎩᎦ vsgiga

Colors [edit]

English Cherokee Transliteration
black ᎬᎾᎨᎢ gvnagei
blue ᏌᎪᏂᎨᎢ sagonigei
brown ᎤᏬᏗᎨ uwodige
light-green ᎢᏤᎢᏳᏍᏗ itseiyusdi
gray ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ usgolv sagonige
gold ᏓᎶᏂᎨᎢ dalonigei
orange ᎠᏌᎶᏂᎨ asalonige
pinkish ᎩᎦᎨᎢᏳᏍᏗ gigageiyusdi
royal ᎩᎨᏍᏗ gigesdi
reddish ᎩᎦᎨ gigage
silver ᎠᏕᎸ ᎤᏁᎬ adelv unegv
white ᎤᏁᎦ unega
yellowish ᏓᎶᏂᎨ dalonige

Word cosmos [edit]

The polysynthetic nature of the Cherokee language enables the language to develop new descriptive words in Cherokee to reverberate or express new concepts. Some practiced examples are ᏗᏘᏲᎯᎯ ( ditiyohihi , 'he argues repeatedly and on purpose with a purpose') corresponding to 'attorney' and ᏗᏓᏂᏱᏍᎩ ( didaniyisgi , 'the terminal catcher' or 'he catches them finally and conclusively') for 'policeman.'[91]

Other words have been adopted from another linguistic communication such as the English word gasoline, which in Cherokee is ᎦᏐᎵᏁ ( gasoline ). Other words were adopted from the languages of tribes who settled in Oklahoma in the early 1900s. I interesting and humorous instance is the proper noun of Nowata, Oklahoma deriving from nowata, a Delaware word for 'welcome' (more precisely the Delaware discussion is nuwita which can mean 'welcome' or 'friend' in the Delaware languages). The white settlers of the area used the name nowata for the township, and local Cherokee, being unaware that the give-and-take had its origins in the Delaware language, called the town ᎠᎹᏗᎧᏂᎬᎾᎬᎾ ( Amadikanigvnagvna ) which ways 'the h2o is all gone gone from here' – i.e. 'no water.'[92]

Other examples of adopted words are ᎧᏫ ( kawi ) for 'coffee' and ᏩᏥ ( watsi ) for 'watch'; which led to ᎤᏔᎾ ᏩᏥ (utana watsi, 'big spotter') for clock.[92]

Meaning expansion can exist illustrated by the words for 'warm' and 'cold', which can exist also extended to hateful 'south' and 'north'. Around the fourth dimension of the American Civil State of war, they were farther extended to Usa party labels, Democratic and Republican, respectively.[93]

List of countries in Cherokee [edit]

Despite Cherokee being classified every bit either a vulnerable or endangered linguistic communication, there are words for foreign concepts (e.yard foreign animals, groups of people, foreign plants, etc) and names for foreign cities, towns and countries. There is a listing of countries and dependencies in Cherokee bachelor here. The listing includes both brusque and long names for every state and dependency in the earth.

Samples [edit]

From the Universal Announcement of Human being Rights:

ᏂᎦᏓ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᏂᎨᎫᏓᎸᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎶᏱ ᎤᎾᏕᎿ ᏚᏳᎧᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ.

Nigada aniyvwi nigeguda'lvna ale unihloyi unadehna duyukdv gesv'i.

All homo beings are built-in free and equal in dignity and rights.

ᎨᏥᏁᎳ ᎤᎾᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏃᎵᏍᏗ

Gejinela unadanvtehdi ale unohlisdi

They are endowed with reason and conscience

ᎠᎴ ᏌᏊ ᎨᏒ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎾᏟᏅᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᎬᏗ.

ale sagwu gesv junilvwisdanedi anahldinvdlv adanvdo gvhdi.

and should act towards i some other in a spirit of brotherhood.

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ Ethnologue classifies Cherokee as moribund (8a), which means that "The but remaining active users of the language are members of the grandparent generation and older".[10]
  2. ^ At that place was a divergence between the old-form Exercise (Λ-similar) and a new-form DO (V-like). The standard Digohweli font displays the new-form. Old Practise Digohweli and Code2000 fonts both brandish the old-form[85]
  3. ^ This has been confirmed using the online transliteration service.
  4. ^ The PDF Unicode chart shows the new-class of the alphabetic character do.

References [edit]

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  2. ^ Frey, Ben (2005). "A Await at the Cherokee Language" (PDF). Tar Heel Junior Historian. Northward Carolina Museum of History. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-06-07. Retrieved May 22, 2014.
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  5. ^ a b c d e McKie, Scott (June 27, 2019). "Tri-Council declares State of Emergency for Cherokee language". Cherokee I Feather. Archived from the original on June 29, 2019. Retrieved July two, 2019.
  6. ^ a b c d eastward "The Cherokee Nation & its Language". University of Minnesota: Center for Advanced Research on Language Conquering. 2008. Retrieved Feb 20, 2020.
  7. ^ a b c "Keetoowah Cherokee is the Official Language of the UKB" (PDF). keetoowahcherokee.org/. Keetoowah Cherokee News: Official Publication of the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians in Oklahoma. April 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on July xv, 2014. Retrieved June one, 2014.
  8. ^ a b c "Linguistic communication & Culture". keetoowahcherokee.org/. United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians. Archived from the original on April 25, 2014. Retrieved June one, 2014.
  9. ^ "UKB Constitution and By-Laws in the Keetoowah Cherokee Language" (PDF). United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 1, 2016. Retrieved June ii, 2014.
  10. ^ "Language Status". Ethnologue. SIL International. 2019. Retrieved May 30, 2019.
  11. ^ a b c Ridge, Betty (April 11, 2019). "Cherokees strive to save a dying language". Tahlequah Daily Printing. Archived from the original on April 12, 2019. Retrieved May 9, 2019.
  12. ^ a b "UNESCO Atlas of the Globe's Languages in danger". www.unesco.org . Retrieved 2017-12-17 .
  13. ^ a b Scancarelli, Janine; Hardy, Heather Kay (2005-01-01). Native Languages of the Southeastern U.s.a.. U of Nebraska Printing. ISBN0803242352.
  14. ^ Schlemmer, Liz (October 28, 2018). "N Carolina Cherokee Say The Race To Save Their Language Is A Marathon". North Carolina Public Radio. Archived from the original on May fourteen, 2019. Retrieved May 14, 2019.
  15. ^ Overall, Michael (Feb 7, 2018). "Equally kickoff students graduate, Cherokee immersion program faces critical exam: Will the language survive?". Tulsa Globe. Archived from the original on May 14, 2019. Retrieved May fourteen, 2019.
  16. ^ Montgomery-Anderson, Brad (June 2008). "Citing Verbs in Polysynthetic Languages: The Instance of the Cherokee-English Dictionary". Southwest Journal of Linguistics. 27 . Retrieved May 22, 2014.
  17. ^ Feeling, "Lexicon," p. viii
  18. ^ "Cherokee Syllabary". Omniglot . Retrieved May 22, 2014.
  19. ^ a b Feeling et al., "Verb" p. 16
  20. ^ "Native Languages of the Americas: Cherokee (Tsalagi)". Native Languages of the Americas . Retrieved May 22, 2014.
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  22. ^ LeBeau, Patrick. Term Paper Resources Guide to American Indian History. Greenwoord. Westport, CT: 2009. p132.
  23. ^ Wood, Thomas E. Exploring American History: Penn, William – Serra, Junípero Cavendish. Tarrytown, NY: 2008. p829.
  24. ^ Cushman, Ellen (2011). ""We're Taking the Genius of Sequoyah into This Century": The Cherokee Syllabary, Peoplehood, and Perseverance". Wicazo Sa Review. University of Minnesota Press. 26 (ane): 72–75. doi:10.5749/wicazosareview.26.1.0067. JSTOR 10.5749/wicazosareview.26.ane.0067.
  25. ^ Sturtevant & Fogelson 2004, p. 337.
  26. ^ a b c d Wilford, John Noble (June 22, 2009). "Carvings From Cherokee Script'south Dawn". New York Times . Retrieved June 23, 2009.
  27. ^ a b c Thou. C. (August 13, 1820). "Invention of the Cherokee Alphabet". Cherokee Phoenix. Vol. 1, no. 24.
  28. ^ a b c Boudinot, Elias (April 1, 1832). "Invention of a New Alphabet". American Annals of Education.
  29. ^ a b c Davis, John B. Chronicles of Oklahoma. Vol. eight, Number 2. "The Life and Piece of work of Sequoyah." June 1930. Retrieved April 4, 2013.[1] Archived 2017-10-28 at the Wayback Motorcar
  30. ^ a b Langguth, p. 71
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  33. ^ O'Brien, Matt (February 28, 2022). "Cherokee on a smartphone: Role of a bulldoze to save a linguistic communication". Hickory Daily Record . Retrieved March two, 2022 – via Associated Press.
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  36. ^ Scancarelli, "Native Languages" p. 351
  37. ^ a b Thompson, Irene (August 6, 2013). "Cherokee". aboutworldlanguages.com . Retrieved May 22, 2014.
  38. ^ a b Neal, Dale (Jan 4, 2016). "Cracking the code to speak Cherokee". Asheville Denizen-Times.
  39. ^ a b c Cushman, Ellen (September 13, 2012). The Cherokee Syllabary: Writing the People's Perseverance. Chapter 8 – Peoplehood and Perseverance: The Cherokee Language, 1980–2010: University of Oklahoma Printing. pp. 189–191. ISBN9780806185484 . Retrieved June 2, 2014. {{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  40. ^ "Wellness Centers & Hospitals". Cherokee Nation. Retrieved June v, 2014.
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  43. ^ Kituwah Preservation & Instruction Programme Powerpoint, by Renissa Walker (2012)'. 2012. Print.
  44. ^ Chavez, Volition (Apr 5, 2012). "Immersion students win trophies at language fair". Cherokeephoenix.org . Retrieved April viii, 2013.
  45. ^ a b "Cherokee Immersion announces second campus". Lenzy Krehbiel-Burton, Tulsa World, November 2, 2021. Retrieved November 2, 2021.
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  47. ^ Male monarch, Duane Harold (1975). A Grammar and Dictionary of the Cherokee Language. pp. 16, 21.
  48. ^ a b Uchihara, 2016, p. 41.
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Bibliography [edit]

  • Feeling, Durbin (1975). Cherokee-English language Dictionary: Tsalagi-Yonega Didehlogwasdohdi. Tahlequah, Oklahoma: Cherokee Nation.
  • Feeling, Durbin; Craig Kopris; Jordan Lachler; Charles van Tuyl (2003). A Handbook of the Cherokee Verb: A Preliminary Study. Tahlequah, Oklahoma: Cherokee Heritage Eye. ISBN978-0-9742818-0-3. .
  • Holmes, Ruth Bradley; Betty Abrupt Smith (1976). Beginning Cherokee: Talisgo Galiquogi Dideliquasdodi Tsalagi Digohweli. Norman: Academy of Oklahoma Press.
  • Montgomery-Anderson, Brad (May 30, 2008). "A Reference Grammar of Oklahoma Cherokee" (PDF).
  • Montgomery-Anderson, Brad (May 2015). Cherokee Reference Grammer. Norman: University of Oklahoma Printing. ISBN978-0-8061-4342-2. OCLC 880689691.
  • Robinson, Prentice (2004). Conjugation Fabricated Piece of cake: Cherokee Verb Study. Tulsa, Oklahoma: Cherokee Language and Culture. ISBN978-one-882182-34-three. .
  • Scancarelli, Janine (2005). "Cherokee". In Janine Scancarelli; Heather One thousand. Hardy (eds.). Native Languages of the Southeastern Usa. Lincoln, NE: Academy of Nebraska Printing in cooperation with the American Indian Studies Research Establish, Indiana Academy, Bloomington. pp. 351–384. OCLC 56834622.
  • Uchihara, Hiroto (2013). "Tone and Emphasis in Oklahoma Cherokee" (Ph.D. dissertation). Buffalo, Country University of New York.
  • Uchihara, Hiroto (2016). Tone and Accent in Oklahoma Cherokee. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0-19-873944-ix.

Concerning the syllabary [edit]

  • Bender, Margaret (2002). Signs of Cherokee Culture: Sequoyah's Syllabary in Eastern Cherokee Life. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
  • Bender, Margaret (2008). "Indexicality, voice, and context in the distribution of Cherokee scripts". International Journal of the Folklore of Language. 2008 (192): 91–104. doi:10.1515/ijsl.2008.037. S2CID 145490610.
  • Daniels, Peter T. (1996). The Globe'due south Writing Systems. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 587–92.
  • Foley, Lawrence (1980). Phonological Variation in Western Cherokee. New York: Garland Publishing.
  • Kilpatrick, Jack F.; Kilpatrick, Anna Gritts. New Echota Letters. Dallas: Southern Methodist University Printing.
  • Scancarelli, Janine (2005), "Cherokee", in Hardy, Heather Yard.; Scancarelli, Janine (eds.), Native Languages of the Southeastern United States, Bloomington: Nebraska Printing, pp. 351–84 .
  • Tuchscherer, Konrad; Pilus, Paul Edward Hedley (2002), "Cherokee and West Africa: Examining the Origins of the Vai Script", History in Africa, 29: 427–86, doi:10.2307/3172173, JSTOR 3172173, S2CID 162073602 .
  • Sturtevant, William C.; Fogelson, Raymond D., eds. (2004), Handbook of North American Indians: Southeast, vol. xiv, Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, ISBN0-sixteen-072300-0 .
  • Walker, Willard; Sarbaugh, James (1993), "The Early History of the Cherokee Syllabary", Ethnohistory, 40 (one): 70–94, doi:ten.2307/482159, JSTOR 482159, S2CID 156008097 .

Further reading [edit]

  • Bruchac, Joseph. Aniyunwiya/Real Human Beings: An Anthology of Contemporary Cherokee Prose. Greenfield Center, N.Y.: Greenfield Review Press, 1995. ISBN 978-0-912678-92-four
  • Charles, Julian (2010). "A History of Iroquoian Languages" (Ph.D. dissertation). Winnipeg, University of Manitoba.
  • Cook, William Hinton (1979). A Grammer of North Carolina Cherokee. Ph.D. diss., Yale University. OCLC 7562394.
  • Rex, Duane H. (1975). A Grammar and Lexicon of the Cherokee Language. Ph.D. diss., Academy of Georgia. OCLC 6203735.
  • Lounsbury, Floyd Chiliad. (1978). "Iroquoian Languages". in Bruce G. Trigger (ed.). Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 15: Northeast. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 334–343. OCLC 12682465.
  • Munro, Pamela (ed.) (1996). Cherokee Papers from UCLA. UCLA Occasional Papers in Linguistics, no. 16. OCLC 36854333.
  • Pulte, William, and Durbin Feeling. 2001. "Cherokee". In: Garry, Jane, and Carl Rubino (eds.) Facts Virtually the Globe'due south Languages: An Encyclopedia of the Earth's Major Languages: Past and Present. New York: H. Due west. Wilson. (Viewed at the Rosetta Project)
  • Scancarelli, Janine (1987). Grammatical Relations and Verb Agreement in Cherokee. Ph.D. diss., University of California, Los Angeles. OCLC 40812890.
  • Scancarelli, Janine. "Cherokee Writing." The World's Writing Systems. 1998: Department 53.

External links [edit]

  • Cherokee-English Dictionary Online Database
  • Cherokee wordlist lookup
  • Cherokee Nation Dikaneisdi (Word Listing)
  • Cherokee numerals
  • Cherokee – Sequoyah transliteration organization – online conversion tool
  • Unicode Chart
  • Cherokee Nation ᏣᎳᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᏖᎩᎾᎶᏥ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏅᎢ (Tsalagi Gawonihisdi teginalotsi unadotlvnvi / Cherokee Linguistic communication Technology

Language archives, texts, sound, video [edit]

  • Cherokee Phoenix, bilingual newspaper in Cherokee and English
  • Cherokee Traditions digital archive, from Western Carolina University
  • Cherokee New Testament Online Online translation of the New Testament. Currently the largest Cherokee certificate on the internet.
  • "Native American Audio Collections: Cherokee". American Philosophical Guild. Archived from the original on 2013-03-02. Retrieved 2013-05-twenty .
  • Cherokee Language Texts, from the Boston Athenæum: Schoolcraft Collection of Books in Native American Languages. Digital Collection.

Language lessons and online instruction [edit]

  • Complimentary online Cherokee classes from the Cherokee Nation in Oklahoma
  • Cherokee Language Online (Commencement dialogues, audio, flashcards and grammer from culturev.com)
  • Cherokee Language downloadable flashcard decks (Some based on culturev.com)
  • Mango Languages has free lessons via their website or app
  • Online Cherokee language classes, from Western Carolina University
  • Cherokee Linguistic communication Program at Western Carolina University on Facebook, boosted materials
  • CherokeeLessons.com (Hosts Creative Commons licensed materials including a textbook covering grammar and many hours of claiming/response based audio lesson files).
  • Cherokee language YouTube videos for beginners, past tsasuyeda
  • Cherokee speakers, Cherokee Nation

What Is The Cherokee Word For Gull,

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee_language

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